Ngwaọrụ
Aluminom na-agụta ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị kachasị ukwuu: mgbe ikuku oxygen na silicon, ọ bụ nkọwa zuru oke nke a na-ekpebi n'ime ala nke ụwa, na-eme ihe karịrị pasenti asatọ nke jikọrọ ọnụ ruo ihe dị ka kilomita iri ma na-apụta na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nkume ọ bụla.
Otú ọ dị, aluminom adịghị eme n'ụdị ya dị ọcha, nchara kama ọzọ dị ka hydrated aluminum oxide (ngwakọta mmiri na alumina) jikọtara ya na silica, ígwè oxide, na titania.Aluminom ore kacha juputara bu bauxite, aha ya n'aha obodo French nke Les Baux nke emere ka o doo anya na 1821. Bauxite na-ebu iron na hydrated aluminum oxide, nke ikpeazu na-anọchi anya akwa ihe mejupụtara ya.
Ka ọ dị ugbu a, bauxite bara ụba nke ukwuu nke na a na-egwupụta ihe kacha mma na ọdịnaya oxide aluminom nke pasent iri anọ na ise ma ọ bụ karịa iji mee aluminum.A na-achọpụta ihe nkwụnye ego na mpaghara ugwu na ndịda nke ọ bụla, yana oke ọla eji na United States na-abịa site na West Indies, North America na Australia.
Ebe ọ bụ na bauxite na-eme n'akụkụ elu ụwa, usoro ngwuputa ihe dị mfe n'ụzọ dị egwu.A na-eji ihe mgbawa meghee nnukwu olulu n'àkwà ndị dị na bauxite, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-ekpochapụ unyi na nkume ndị dị elu.A na-ewepụzi ọla ndị ahụ ekpughere n'ihu ya na ndị na-ebu ihe nkwụsị n'ihu, kpokọba ya n'ụgbọ ala ma ọ bụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè, ma buru ya gaa n'usoro ndụ osisi.Bauxite dị arọ (nke a na-emekarị, otu ton nke aluminom nwere ike ịmepụta site na 4 ruo 6 tọn nke ore), ya mere, iji belata uru nke ibufe ya, okooko osisi ndị a na-adịkarị nso dị ka o kwere mee na mines bauxite.
Usoro nrụpụta
Ịwepụta aluminom eke sitere na bauxite gụnyere usoro.Nke mbụ, a na-anụcha ọla ahụ iji kpochapụ adịghị ọcha dị ka ígwè oxide, silica, titania, na mmiri.Mgbe ahụ, aluminom oxide na-esi na ya pụta na-agbaze iji nye aluminom eke.Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-atụgharị aluminum iji nye foil.
Nnụcha — Bayer usoro
1.The Bayer Usoro eji nụchaa bauxite nwere 4 nzọụkwụ: mgbaze, rationalization, ọdịda, na calcination.N'oge mgbari mgbaze, bauxite bụ ala ma gwakọta ya na sodium hydroxide tupu awụnye ya n'ime nnukwu tankị ndị nwere nrụgide.N'ime tankị ndị a, nke a na-akpọ digesters, nchikota nke sodium hydroxide, ikpo ọkụ, na nrụgide na-agbaji ọla ahụ ozugbo ka ọ bụrụ azịza zuru oke nke sodium aluminate na ihe ndị na-adịghị edozi ahụ, nke na-adaba na ala.
2. Usoro na-esote nke usoro ahụ, rationalization, gụnyere izipu ngwọta na ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ site na nkedo nke tankị na presses.N'oge ogo a, ihe nzacha akwa na-ejide ọnyà ndị na-emerụ emerụ, nke enwere ike iwepụ ya.Mgbe emechara ya ọzọ, a na-ebuga ihe ngwọta kacha mma n'ụlọ elu dị jụụ.
3.N'ọkwa na-esote, mmiri ozuzo, ihe ngwọta nke aluminum oxide na-eme ihe n'ime nnukwu silo, ebe, na mmegharị nke usoro Deville, a na-amịpụta mmiri na kristal nke aluminom hydrated iji kwalite nhazi nke ihe mkpofu aluminom.Ka kristal mkpụrụ na-arata kristal ndị ọzọ n'ime ihe ngwọta, nnukwu clumps nke aluminom hydrate na-amalite ịmalite.A na-ebu ụzọ kpochaa ihe ndị a mgbe nke a ga-asacha.
4.Calcination, nzọụkwụ ikpeazụ n'ime usoro nhazi Bayer, gụnyere ikpughe hydrate aluminum na oke okpomọkụ.Okpomọkụ a dị oke ọkụ na-eme ka akwa ahụ dị ọcha, na-ahapụ ihe fọdụrụ na ntụ ntụ ọcha: aluminum oxide.
Na-agbaze
1.Smelting, nke na-ekewapụ ihe na-emepụta aluminum-oxygen compound (alumina) nke a na-emepụta site n'enyemaka nke usoro Bayer, bụ nzọụkwụ na-esonụ iji wepụ eke, ígwè aluminum si bauxite.Ọ bụ ezie na usoro a na-eji ugbu a na-enweta site na usoro electrolytic chepụtara n'oge a site na Charles Hall na Paul-Louis-Toussaint Héroult n'ime njedebe narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, a na-emezigharị ya.Nke mbụ, alumina na-agbaze na mkpanaka na-agbaze, mildew metal miri emi nke ejiri carbon kpuchie ma juputara na onye na-eduzi mmiri ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ nke mejupụtara karịsịa nke aluminom compound cryolite.
2.Na-esote, ọkụ eletrik na-arụ ọrụ n'oge a na-agba ọsọ site na cryolite, na-eme ka ọkpụkpụ na-etolite n'elu elu nke alumina gbazee.Mgbe a na-akpalite ihe mgbakwunye alumina kwa oge n'ime ngwakọta ahụ, a na-agbaji eriri a ma tinye ya nke ọma.Ka alumina na-agbaze, ọ na-emebi site na electrolytically iji mepụta oyi akwa nke aluminom dị ọcha, gbazere na nke kacha ala nke ekwentị na-agbaze.Oxygen na-ejikọta ya na carbon e ji ejikọta cell cell ma gbapụ n'ụdị carbon dioxide.
3.Still na ọdịdị a wụrụ awụ, aluminom dị ọcha na-adọta site na sel ndị na-agbaze, na-ebufe n'ime ihe ọkụkụ, ma kpochaa n'ime ọkụ.N'ọkwa a, enwere ike iwebata ihe ndị ọzọ iji nye aluminom alloys nwere njirimara dabara adaba na ngwaahịa a kwụsịrị, ọ bụ ezie na a na-emepụta foil site na iri itoolu na itoolu.8 ma ọ bụ iri itoolu na itoolu.9 dị ọcha aluminum.A na-awụsa mmiri mmiri ahụ n'ime ngwa nkedo ịgba azụ ozugbo, ebe ọ na-ajụkwa n'ime nnukwu mbadamba nkume ndị a na-akpọ "ingots" ma ọ bụ "nchịkọta ngwaahịa reroll."Mgbe emechara ya - a na-emeso okpomọkụ iji kwalite ịrụ ọrụ - ingots dabara adaba maka ịtụgharị n'ime foil.
Ụzọ ọzọ maka ịgbaze na nkedo aluminom ka a na-akpọ "nkedo anaghị akwụsị akwụsị."Usoro a gụnyere ahịrị mmepụta nke na-agụnye ọkụ ọkụ na-agbaze, ebe a na-etinye ọkụ na-agụnye ọla a wụrụ awụ, usoro mgba ọkụ, ihe nkedo, ihe ngwakọta dị ka mpịakọta pinch, shear na bridle, na azụ azụ na ụgbọ ala.Ụzọ abụọ a na-emepụta ọnụọgụ nke ọkpụrụkpụ na-amalite site na 0.One narị abụọ na iri abụọ na ise ruo efu.250 inch (0.317 ruo 0.635 centimita) na nke ọtụtụ obosara.Uru nke usoro nkedo na-aga n'ihu bụ na ọ dịghị achọ nzọụkwụ mgbakasị ahụ gara aga ka ọ na-agbagharị, dị ka agbaze na nkedo, n'ihi na a na-eme ihe nkedo oge niile n'usoro nkedo.
Mpempe akwụkwọ mpịakọta
Mgbe emechara ngwa ngwa foil, ọ dị mkpa ka ibelata oke iji mee foil.A na-eme nke a n'igwe igwe na-akpụgharị, bụ nke a na-eji akwa akwa karịa ọtụtụ oge site na mpịakọta ọla a na-akpọ mpịakọta ọrụ.Ka mpempe akwụkwọ (ma ọ bụ webụ) nke aluminom na-agafe na mpịakọta ahụ, a na-apịa ha nke ọma ma na-apụ na oghere n'etiti mpịakọta ahụ.A na-ejikọta akwụkwọ mpịakọta ọrụ na mpịakọta ndị dị arọ nke a maara dị ka mpịakọta ndabere, nke na-etinye nrụgide iji nyere aka mee ka ọ kwụsie ike nke eserese a.Nke a na-enyere aka idobe akụkụ ngwaahịa n'ime nnabata.Eserese na mpịakọta ndabere na-atụgharị n'ụzọ megidere ntuziaka.A na-agbakwunye mmanụ aṅụ iji kwado usoro ntụgharị.N'oge usoro a na-atụgharị, aluminom mgbe ụfọdụ ga-emerịrị ya (ịgwọ ọkụ) iji nọgide na-arụ ọrụ ya.
A na-ejikwa mbelata nke foil ahụ site n'enyemaka nke ịhazigharị rpm nke mpịakọta na viscosity (nguzogide glide), ọnụọgụ, na okpomọkụ nke mmanụ na-atụgharị.Oghere mpịakọta na-ekpebi ma ọkpụrụkpụ na ogologo oge nke foil na-ahapụ igwe igwe.Enwere ike imezi oghere a site n'ịkwalite ma ọ bụ wedata mpịakọta ihe osise dị elu.Rolling na-emepụta ihe abụọ eke emecha na foil, vivid na matte.A na-emepụta njedebe doro anya ebe foil na-abịakwute ihe osise mpịakọta.Iji mepụta njedebe matte, a ga-achịkọta mpempe akwụkwọ abụọ ma tụgharịa n'otu oge;ebe a na-enweta ya, akụkụ ndị na-emetụ onye ọ bụla dị iche iche na-abịa na njedebe matte.Enwere ike iji usoro ịmecha igwe ndị ọzọ, nke a na-emepụta n'oge ọrụ ntụgharị, iji nye ụkpụrụ dị mma.
Ka mpempe akwụkwọ foil na-esi na rollers na-abata, a na-akpụcha ha ma were mma okirikiri ma ọ bụ agụba dị ka etinyere n'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe.Mbelata na-ezo aka n'akụkụ akụkụ nke foil ahụ, ọbụlagodi dịka mwepu na-agụnye ịkpụpụ foil n'ime ọtụtụ mpempe akwụkwọ.A na-eji usoro ndị a na-ebunye obosara ndị gbakịrị amịkpọ, iji gbutuo akụkụ nke ihe mkpuchi mkpuchi ma ọ bụ nke a kpọchiri akpọchi, na iji nye akụkụ square.N'ezie ịrụpụta ọrụ na ịgbanwe agbanwe, webụ ndị mebiri emebi ga-ejikọrịrị ọnụ, ma ọ bụ kewaa ya.Ụdị splices ndị a na-emekarị maka ịghọ onye so na webụs nke foil dị mfe na/ma ọ bụ foil na-enye aka na-agụnye ultrasonic, teepu mkpuchi okpomọkụ, teepu mkpuchi nrụgide, na ọkụ eletrik.Splice ultrasonic na-eji weld kwụsiri ike-nke ejiri ihe transducer ultrasonic mee—n'ime ọla ahụ kpuchiri ekpuchi.
Ụzọ mmecha
Maka ọtụtụ ngwugwu, a na-eji foil eme ihe na IV / ngwakọta yana ihe dị iche iche.Enwere ike kpuchie ya na ihe dị iche iche dị iche iche, nke gụnyere polymers na resins, maka ọrụ ịchọ mma, nchekwa, ma ọ bụ ikpo ọkụ.Enwere ike itinye ya na mpempe akwụkwọ, mpempe akwụkwọ, na fim plastik.A pụkwara ịkpụ ya, kpụzie ya n'ụdị ọ bụla, bipụta ya, gbanye ya, gbanye ya n'ime ibe, mpempe akwụkwọ, etched na anodized.Ozugbo foil ahụ dị na mba ikpeazụ ya, a na-achịkọta ya nke ọma ma buga ya na onye ahịa ya.
Njikwa ogo
Na mgbakwunye na njikwa n'ime usoro nke parampat dị ka okpomọkụ na oge, ngwaahịa foil emechara aghaghị izute ihe ndị dị mma.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu n'ime ụdị mgbanwe usoro na ịkwụsị ojiji achọpụtala na ọ chọrọ ọkwa dị iche iche nke nkụ n'ala foil maka ịrụ ọrụ kacha mma.A na-eji nlele mmiri na-ele anya iji kpebie nkụ.N'ime ule a, a na-awụsa ihe ngwọta pụrụ iche nke mmanya ethyl n'ime mmiri distilled, na mmụba nke pasent iri site n'enyemaka nke ọnụ ọgụgụ, a na-awụsa ya n'otu n'otu n'elu foil.Ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị tụlee, na wettability bụ 0. Usoro na-akwadoro ruo mgbe a ga-ekpebi ihe kacha nta nke mmanya ngwọta ga-kpamkpam mmiri mmiri n'ala foil.
Ngwongwo ndị ọzọ dị oke egwu bụ ọkpụrụkpụ na ike nkwụsị.Emere usoro nlele ọkọlọtọ site n'enyemaka nke American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM).A na-ekpebi ịdị arọ site n'ịtụle ihe nlele na ịlele ebe ya, mgbe nke a gasịrị, kewaa ibu ahụ site na emere ebe ahụ ihe njupụta alloy.Ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri nlezianya chịkwaa nleba anya nke esemokwu n'ihi na ileba anya na nsonaazụ nwere ike ịta ahụhụ site na akụkụ siri ike yana ọnụnọ nke obere ntụpọ, yana mgbanwe ndị ọzọ.A na-edobe ụkpụrụ ahụ na njide na a na-etinye nrụgide nkwụsị ma ọ bụ ịdọrọ ruo mgbe mgbaji nke ụkpụrụ ahụ pụtara.A na-atụle nrụgide ma ọ bụ ọkụ eletrik achọrọ iji mebie ụkpụrụ ahụ.
Oge nzipu: Mar-08-2022